# 2-linear-inversion-app.ipynb

Seogi Kang
from geoscilabs.inversion.LinearInversionDirect import LinearInversionDirectApp
from ipywidgets import interact, FloatSlider, ToggleButtons, IntSlider, FloatText, IntText
app = LinearInversionDirectApp()

# #Linear Inversion App

This app is based upon the inversion tutorial: "INVERSION FOR APPLIED GEOPHYSICS" by Oldenburg and Li (2005).

Douglas W. Oldenburg and Yaoguo Li (2005) 5. Inversion for Applied Geophysics: A Tutorial. Near-Surface Geophysics: pp. 89-150. eISBN: 978-1-56080-171-9 print ISBN: 978-1-56080-130-6

## #Purpose

By using a simple decaying and oscillating kernel function, which emulates the physics of electromagnetic (EM) survey, we understand basic concepts of inverting data. Three items that we are going to explore are:

• Step1: Create a model ($\mathbf{m}$)
• Step2: Generate a sensitivity kernel (or matrix), $\mathbf{G}$
• Step3: Simulate data ($\mathbf{d} = \mathbf{G}\mathbf{m}$)
• Step4: All three steps together
• Step5: Invert the data, and explore inversion results

## #Forward problem

Let $g_j(x)$ denote the kernel function for $j$th datum. With a given model $m(x)$, $j$th datum can be computed by solving following integral equation:

$d_j = \int_a^{b} g_j(x) m(x) dx$
(1)#

where

$g_j(x) = e^{p_jx} cos (2 \pi q_jx)$
(2)#

By discretizing $g_j(x)$ we obtain

$\mathbf{g}_j(\mathbf{x}) = e^{p_j\mathbf{x}} cos (2 \pi q_j \mathbf{x})$
(3)#

where

• $\mathbf{g}_j$: $j$th row vector for the sensitivty matrix ($1 \times M$)
• $\mathbf{x}$: model location ($1 \times M$)
• $p_j$: decaying constant (<0)
• $q_j$: oscillating constant (>0)

By stacking multiple rows of $\mathbf{g}_j$, we obtain sensitivity matrix, $\mathbf{G}$:

\begin{align} \mathbf{G} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{g}_1\\ \vdots\\ \mathbf{g}_{N} \end{bmatrix} \end{align}
(4)#

Here, the size of the matrix $\mathbf{G}$ is $(N \times M)$. Finally data, $\mathbf{d}$, can be written as a linear equation:

$\mathbf{d} = \mathbf{G}\mathbf{m}$
(5)#

where $\mathbf{m}$ is an inversion model; this is a column vector ($M \times 1$).

In real measurments, there will be various noises source, and hence observation, $\mathbf{d}^{obs}$, can be written as

$\mathbf{d}^{obs} = \mathbf{G}\mathbf{m} + \mathbf{noise}$
(6)#

## #Step1: Create a model, $\mathbf{m}$

The model $m$ is a function defined on the interval (-2,2). Here we generate a model that is the sum of a: (a) background $m_{ref}$, (b) box car $m_1$ and (c) Gaussian $m_2$. The box car is defined by

• m$_{background}$ : amplitude of the background
• m1 : amplitude
• $m1_{center}$ : center
• $m1_{width}$ : width the Gaussian is defined by
• m2 : amplitude
• $m2_{center}$ : center
• $m2_{sigma}$ : width of Gaussian (as defined by a standard deviation)
• M: # of model parameters
Q_model = app.interact_plot_model()

## #Step2: Generate a sensitivity kernel (or matrix), $\mathbf{G}$

By using the following app, we explore each row vector of the sensitivity matrix, $\mathbf{g}_j$. Parameters of the apps are:

• M: # of model parameters
• N: # of data
• p: decaying constant (<0)
• q: oscillating constant (>0)
• ymin: maximum limit for y-axis
• ymax: minimum limit for y-axis
• show_singular: show singualr values
Q_kernel = app.interact_plot_G()

## #Step3: Simulate data

The $j$-th datum is the inner product of the $j$-th kernel $g_j(x)$ and the model $m(x)$. In discrete form it can be written as the dot product of the vector $g_j$ and the model vector $m$.

### #$d_j = \mathbf{g}_j \mathbf{m}$(7)#

If there are $N$ data, these data can be written as a column vector, $\mathbf{d}$:

\begin{align} \mathbf{d} = \mathbf{G}\mathbf{m} = \begin{bmatrix} d_1\\ \vdots\\ d_{N} \end{bmatrix} \end{align}
(8)#

Observational data are always contaminated with noise. Here we add Gaussian noise $N(0,\epsilon)$ (zero mean and standard deviation $\sigma$). Here we choose

$\epsilon = \% |d| + \text{floor}$
(9)#
Q_data = app.interact_plot_data()

## #Step4: All three steps together

app.interact_plot_all_three_together()

## #Inverse Problem

In the inverse problem we attempt to find the model $\mathbf{m}$ that gave rise to the observational data $\mathbf{d}^{obs}$. The inverse problem is formulated as an optimization problem:

$\text{minimize} \ \ \ \phi(\mathbf{m}) = \phi_d(\mathbf{m}) + \beta \phi_m(\mathbf{m})$
(10)#

where

• $\phi_d$: data misfit
• $\phi_m$: model regularization
• $\beta$: trade-off (or Tikhonov) parameter $0<\beta<\infty$

Data misfit is defined as

$\phi_d = \sum_{j=1}^{N}\Big(\frac{\mathbf{g}_j\mathbf{m}-d^{obs}_j}{\epsilon_j}\Big)^2$
(11)#

where $\epsilon_j$ is an estimate of the standard deviation of the $j$th datum.

The model regularization term, $\phi_m$, can be written as

$\phi_m(\mathbf{m}) = \alpha_s \int (\mathbf{m}-\mathbf{m}_{ref}) dx + \alpha_x \int (\frac{d \mathbf{m}}{dx}) dx$
(12)#

The first term is referred to as the "smallness" term. Minimizing this generates a model that is close to a reference model $m_{ref}$. The second term penalizes roughness of the model. It is generically referred to as a "flattest" or "smoothness" term.

## #Step5: Invert the data, and explore inversion results

In the inverse problem we define parameters needed to evaluate the data misfit and the model regularization terms. We then deal with parameters associated with the inversion.

### #Parameters

• mode: Run or Explore

• Run: Each click of the app, will run n_beta times of inversion
• Explore: Not running inversions, but explore result of the inversions
• noise option: error contaminated or clean data

#### #Misfit

• percent: percentage of the uncertainty (%)

• floor: floor of the uncertainty (%)

• chifact: chi factor for stopping criteria (when $\phi_d^{\ast}=N \rightarrow$ chifact=1)

#### #Model norm

• mref: reference model

• alpha_s: $\alpha_s$ for smallness

• alpha_x: $\alpha_x$ for smoothness

#### #Beta

• beta_min: minimum $\beta$

• beta_max: maximum $\beta$

• n_beta: the number of $\beta$

#### #Plotting options

• data: obs & pred or normalized misfit

• obs & pred: show observed and predicted data
• normalized misfit: show normalized misfit
• tikhonov: phi_d & phi_m or phi_d vs phi_m

• phi_d & phi_m: show $\phi_d$ and $\phi_m$ as a function of $\beta$
• phi_d vs phi_m: show tikhonov curve
• i_beta: i-th $\beta$ value

• scale: linear or log

• linear: linear scale for plotting the third panel
• log: log scale for plotting the third panel
app.interact_plot_inversion()
References
1. Oldenburg, D. W., & Li, Y. (2005). 5. Inversion for Applied Geophysics: A Tutorial. In Near-Surface Geophysics (pp. 89–150). Society of Exploration Geophysicists. 10.1190/1.9781560801719.ch5